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名人诗歌|英语诗歌的赏析(一)

来源:www.nousuan.com 2025-07-18

英诗浩瀚,篇幅长短不一,长至成集,短至几句。本文从实用角度讲解英诗的赏析:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。

诗以高度凝结的语言表达着大家的喜怒哀乐,用其特有些步伐与方法影响着大家的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。

1、 诗的格律

格律是指可以用脚打拍子的步伐,是每一个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的剖析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用-或ˊ标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用︶标示,音步之间可用/隔开。以下是五种容易见到格式:

1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最容易见到的一种格式,每一个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

So deep / in luve / am I :

And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,

Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose

注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go

上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:︶-/︶-/︶-/(︶-)

2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每一个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。

下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-︶/-︶/-︶/-

Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright

In the / forests / of the / night

William Blake: The Tyger

3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每一个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格︶︶-/︶︶-/︶︶-

Like a child / from the womb,

Like a ghost / from the tomb,

I arise / and unbuild / it again.

4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每一个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-︶︶/-︶︶

ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,

ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.

- Thomas Hood1

5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每一个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格︶-︶/︶-︶/︶-︶下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight2.

在同一首诗中常会出现不一样的格律,格律分析对朗读诗歌有肯定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。

2、 诗的押韵

押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到肯定音韵成效的诗歌写作手法。

1. 尾韵:最容易见到,非常重要的押韵方法。

1) 联韵:aabb型。

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song

2) 交叉韵:abab型。

Sunset and evening star,

And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

When I put out to sea,

Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar

3) 同韵:有些诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。

如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

Robert Frost (1874-1963): STOPping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。

The fair breeze blew, the white foam3 flew,

The furrow4 followed free,

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.

T.S. Coleridge: Rime5 of the Acient Mariner6

3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间缘由的重复形成的内部押韵。

下面一节诗中/i/及/i/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的氛围。

Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring


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